![]() ![]() Received: FebruAccepted: OctoPublished: November 2, 2011Ĭopyright: © 2011 Klemuk et al. PLoS ONE 6(11):Įditor: Bradley Steven Launikonis, University of Queensland, Australia The large square-shaped Panthera vocal fold eases phonation onset and thereby extends the dynamic range of the voice.Ĭitation: Klemuk SA, Riede T, Walsh EJ, Titze IR (2011) Adapted to Roar: Functional Morphology of Tiger and Lion Vocal Folds. Its primary function is probably not to increase vocal fold mass as suggested previously. We assume that fat shapes Panthera vocal folds into an advantageous geometry for phonation and it protects vocal folds. Such predictions agreed well with measurements from natural phonation and phonation of excised larynges, respectively. Biomechanical and morphological data were used to make predictions of fundamental frequency and subglottal pressure ranges. Shear moduli ranged between 0.1 and 2 kPa and differed between layers. Young's moduli range between kPa for strains up to 60%. ![]() There is also a medial region that contains only fibrous proteins and hyaluronan but no fat cells. In histological sections, we found that the Panthera vocal fold lamina propria consists of a lateral region with adipocytes embedded in a network of collagen and elastin fibers and hyaluronan. We tested the hypothesis in lions and tigers who are well-known for producing low frequency and very loud roaring sounds that expose vocal folds to large stresses. ![]() Here we tested the hypothesis that vocal fold morphology and viscoelastic properties allow a prediction of fundamental frequency range of sounds that can be produced, and minimal lung pressure necessary to initiate phonation. Our understanding of the relationship between morphology and vocal function of vocal folds is very limited. Vocal sounds in mammals are produced by flow-induced vocal fold oscillation, which requires vocal fold tissue that can sustain the mechanical stress during phonation. Vocal production requires active control of the respiratory system, larynx and vocal tract. ![]()
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